Biology Mnemonics Playlist

1.Mnemonic: Pro seventy, Eu eighty. Prokaryotic ribosomes are seventy S, eukaryotic ribosomes are eighty S.

口訣：原七十、真八十。原核核糖體是 70S，真核核糖體是 80S。

2.Careful: the Svedberg S unit is not additive — fifty S plus thirty S equals seventy S, not eighty, because S depends on shape and mass non-linearly. This is a high-frequency trap.

注意：S 為沉降係數，不可直接相加——50S 加 30S 等於 70S 而非 80S，因為 S 值取決於形狀與質量，為非線性。這是常見陷阱題。

3.Mnemonic: Glucose, fructose, and galactose share the exact same molecular formula C-six H-twelve O-six but differ in structure — they are structural isomers.

口訣：葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖分子式都是 C6H12O6，但結構不同，是結構異構物。

4.The classic exam question is: which of the following is NOT a hexose? The answer is usually ribose, which is a pentose.

典型題目：下列哪個不是六碳糖？答案通常是核糖（五碳糖）。

5.Mnemonic: Proteins carry N and S — nitrogen in the amino group and sulfur in amino acids like cysteine and methionine. Nucleic acids carry N and P — nitrogen in the bases and phosphorus in the phosphate backbone.

口訣：蛋白質特有 N 和 S（胺基和含硫胺基酸），核酸特有 N 和 P（含氮鹼基和磷酸基團）。

6.Common question: which molecules contain phosphorus? Answer: nucleic acids and phospholipids.

常見考題：以下哪類分子含有磷？答案是核酸和磷脂質。

7.Mnemonic for light reactions: split water, make energy. Photosystems split water to release oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH.

光反應口訣：分水造能——光系統分解水釋放氧氣，並製造 ATP 和 NADPH。

8.Mnemonic for plant vascular transport: xylem equals water up, phloem equals sugar both ways. Xylem carries water upward via transpiration pull; phloem carries sugars in both directions from source to sink.

植物運輸口訣：木水上、韌糖雙。木質部運水向上（蒸散拉力），韌皮部運糖雙向（源到匯）。

9.Five plant hormones, five verbs: Auxin stretches and bends, Gibberellin makes tall and wakes, Cytokinin divides and anti-ages, Ethylene ripens and withers, Abscisic acid rests and shuts.

植物五大激素口訣：伸長彎曲（Auxin 生長素）、長高醒來（Gibberellin 激勃素）、分裂抗老（Cytokinin 細胞分裂素）、成熟凋零（Ethylene 乙烯）、休息關門（ABA 離層酸）。

10.Mnemonic for brain regions: Medulla controls life — heartbeat and breathing. Hypothalamus controls stability — homeostasis. Thalamus controls relay — sensory relay to cortex. Hippocampus controls memory — short to long term consolidation.

腦區口訣：延腦管「命」（心跳呼吸）、下視丘管「穩」（恆定）、視丘管「轉」（感覺中繼）、海馬迴管「記」（記憶鞏固）。

11.Mnemonic: Insulin starts with "in" — it lets glucose INTO cells, lowering blood glucose. Glucagon sounds like "glucose gone" — it releases stored glucose, raising blood glucose.

口訣：Insulin 裡的 In，代表讓葡萄糖進入細胞，降血糖。Glucagon 念起來像「glucose gone」，釋放儲存的糖出來，升血糖。

12.Mnemonic: r stands for rapid reproduction — many offspring, low survival; think insects, weeds. K stands for carrying capacity — few offspring, high parental care; think elephants, humans.

口訣：r 代表 rapid reproduction（快速繁殖）——多後代、低存活，如昆蟲、雜草；K 代表 carrying capacity（環境容量）——少後代、高親代照顧，如大象、人類。

13.Mnemonic: Amensalism equals A-men stepping on ants — the person is unaffected, the ant is harmed. Relation is zero minus. Compare with commensalism where A benefits and B is unaffected, relation plus zero.

口訣：Amensalism 念做 A-men，人踩到螞蟻——人沒事、螞蟻受害，關係為 0 負。對比 commensalism 共生（A 得利、B 沒事），關係為正 0。

14.Mnemonic HIPPO spells out the five major threats to biodiversity: H for habitat destruction, I for invasive species, first P for pollution, second P for human population growth, O for overexploitation.

口訣 HIPPO 拼出生物多樣性五大威脅：H 棲地破壞、I 外來入侵種、第一個 P 污染、第二個 P 人口增長、O 過度開發。

15.Habitat destruction is the number one threat globally. This mnemonic is used by conservation biologists worldwide.

棲地破壞是全球第一大威脅。這個口訣是全世界保育生物學家通用。

16.Mnemonic: Proto means first — in protostomes, the blastopore first becomes the mouth. Deutero means second — in deuterostomes, the blastopore first becomes the anus, and the mouth forms later. Humans are deuterostomes, meaning your anus developed before your mouth during early embryogenesis.

口訣：Proto 是第一——原口動物的原口先變成口。Deutero 是第二——後口動物的原口先變成肛門，口後來才形成。人類是後口動物，代表你的肛門比嘴巴先發育。