Biology Compressed Lecture

1.Knowledge point: this compressed lecture is not a textbook. It is a score-focused map built from high-frequency biology past-paper topics.

知識點：這份壓縮講義不是課本，而是從歷屆高頻普生考點整理出的得分地圖。

2.Use it to build answer frameworks first, then return to detailed solution files only when a topic becomes a mistake source.

使用方式是先建立可輸出的答案骨架；某主題變成錯題來源時，再回詳細詳解補細節。

3.Highest-priority blocks are genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology, animal physiology, metabolism, botany, ecology, and evolution.

最高優先區塊是遺傳、分子生物、生物技術、動物生理、代謝、植物學、生態學與演化。

4.The exam can swing between molecular-cell topics and organismal-diversity topics, so do not prepare only for the latest year.

台綜大會在分子細胞題與整體生物分類生態題之間擺動，所以不要只押最近一年。

5.For genetics, first decide whether the question asks about individual inheritance or population frequency.

遺傳題第一步先判斷題目是在問個體遺傳，還是在問族群頻率。

6.For individual inheritance, use a Punnett square or track sex chromosomes. For population genetics, use p plus q equals one and p squared plus two p q plus q squared equals one.

個體遺傳用 Punnett square 或追性染色體；族群遺傳用 p+q=1 與 p^2+2pq+q^2=1。

7.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a baseline for a non-evolving population: large population, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection, and random mating.

Hardy-Weinberg 平衡是沒有演化力量時的基準線：大族群、無突變、無遷移、無天擇、隨機交配。

8.If observed genotype frequencies deviate from p squared, two p q, and q squared, the population may be evolving.

如果實際基因型頻率偏離 p^2、2pq、q^2，代表族群可能正在演化。

9.Start molecular biology answers with the central dogma: DNA goes to RNA, and RNA goes to protein.

分子生物答案先從 central dogma 起手：DNA 轉成 RNA，RNA 轉成蛋白質。

10.CRISPR edits DNA, RNA interference reduces mRNA, and a GMO changes or inserts genes at the genome level.

CRISPR 改 DNA，RNA interference 降低 mRNA，GMO 則在基因體層次改基因或插入外源基因。

11.CRISPR uses Cas nine and guide RNA to make a targeted double-strand DNA break, then repair can disrupt or replace the gene.

CRISPR 用 Cas9 與 guide RNA 製造目標 DNA 雙股斷裂，再透過修復破壞或替換基因。

12.RNA interference is post-transcriptional gene silencing. siRNA or miRNA guides RISC to degrade or repress a matching mRNA.

RNA interference 是轉錄後基因靜默；siRNA 或 miRNA 引導 RISC 降解或抑制互補 mRNA。

13.Protein function depends on shape, and shape depends on amino acid sequence plus the cellular environment.

蛋白質功能來自形狀，而形狀取決於胺基酸序列與細胞環境。

14.Competitive inhibition competes for the active site, raises apparent K m, keeps V max unchanged, and can be overcome by high substrate concentration.

競爭性抑制會搶 active site，使表觀 Km 上升、Vmax 不變，且可用高受質濃度克服。

15.Noncompetitive inhibition binds away from the active site, lowers V max, and cannot be overcome simply by adding more substrate.

非競爭性抑制結合在 active site 以外，使 Vmax 下降，不能只靠增加受質克服。

16.For organelles, connect each structure to its job: rough E R makes secreted and membrane proteins, Golgi modifies and sorts, mitochondria make ATP, and chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.

胞器題要把構造連到功能：粗糙內質網製造分泌與膜蛋白，高基氏體修飾分類，粒線體製造 ATP，葉綠體行光合作用。

17.For cytoskeleton questions, remember actin with myosin, microtubules with kinesin and dynein, and intermediate filaments for mechanical strength.

細胞骨架題記住 actin 配 myosin，microtubule 配 kinesin 與 dynein，intermediate filament 負責機械強度。

18.For respiration, track glucose to carbon dioxide, then track NADH and FADH two to the electron transport chain and ATP.

呼吸作用先追 glucose 變成 carbon dioxide，再追 NADH 與 FADH2 進入電子傳遞鏈產生 ATP。

19.Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and produces two pyruvate, two net ATP, and two NADH per glucose.

醣解作用在細胞質進行，每個 glucose 產生兩個 pyruvate、淨兩個 ATP 與兩個 NADH。

20.The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces most ATP.

TCA cycle 在粒線體基質進行；氧化磷酸化在粒線體內膜進行，並產生最多 ATP。

21.For photosynthesis, light reactions split water to make oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into G three P.

光合作用中，光反應分解水並產生氧氣、ATP、NADPH；Calvin cycle 固定二氧化碳形成 G3P。

22.C four and C A M plants reduce photorespiration or water loss by concentrating carbon dioxide around Rubisco.

C4 與 CAM 植物透過提高 Rubisco 周圍的二氧化碳，降低光呼吸或水分流失。

23.Animal physiology questions usually test structure-function matching in nervous, endocrine, immune, circulatory, and renal systems.

動物生理題常考神經、內分泌、免疫、循環與腎臟系統的結構功能配對。

24.Neuron signals flow from dendrite to soma, axon hillock, axon, and synaptic terminal.

神經訊號方向是 dendrite 到 soma，再到 axon hillock、axon、synaptic terminal。

25.An action potential opens voltage-gated sodium channels first, then voltage-gated potassium channels repolarize the membrane.

動作電位先開 voltage-gated sodium channels，再由 voltage-gated potassium channels 讓膜電位再極化。

26.Insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon raises blood glucose, A D H increases water reabsorption, and aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Insulin 降血糖，glucagon 升血糖，ADH 增加水分再吸收，aldosterone 增加鈉再吸收與鉀分泌。

27.In immunity, B cells make antibodies, helper T cells coordinate responses through MHC class two, and cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells through MHC class one.

免疫中，B cell 製造抗體，helper T cell 透過 MHC II 協調反應，cytotoxic T cell 透過 MHC I 殺死感染細胞。

28.The kidney sequence is glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.

腎元順序是 glomerulus、proximal tubule、loop of Henle、distal tubule、collecting duct。

29.Plant evolution can be compressed into four innovations: vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte, seeds and pollen, then flowers and fruits.

植物演化可壓成四個創新：維管束、孢子體優勢、種子與花粉、花與果實。

30.Water moves upward in xylem through transpiration pull, cohesion, adhesion, and narrow xylem conduits, not through a plant pump.

水在木質部上升靠 transpiration pull、cohesion、adhesion 與狹窄木質部管徑，不是靠植物幫浦。

31.Auxin controls elongation and apical dominance, cytokinin promotes cell division, gibberellin promotes stem elongation and germination, abscisic acid handles drought and dormancy, and ethylene ripens fruit.

Auxin 控制伸長與頂端優勢，cytokinin 促進細胞分裂，gibberellin 促進莖伸長與發芽，ABA 處理乾旱與休眠，ethylene 促進果實成熟。

32.The auxin trap is directional: in stems, the shaded side elongates more, but in roots, high auxin can inhibit elongation.

Auxin 的陷阱在方向：莖的陰影側伸長較多，但根中高 auxin 反而可抑制伸長。

33.Evolution is not individual change. It is change in allele frequencies in a population across generations.

演化不是個體改變，而是族群 allele frequency 隨世代改變。

34.Natural selection changes frequencies adaptively, genetic drift changes them randomly, gene flow moves alleles between populations, and mutation creates new alleles.

天擇使頻率適應性改變，遺傳漂變使頻率隨機改變，基因流在族群間移動 allele，突變產生新 allele。

35.Allopatric speciation uses geographic isolation. Sympatric speciation occurs in the same area through reproductive isolation such as polyploidy.

異域種化靠地理隔離；同域種化在同一地區透過生殖隔離發生，例如植物多倍體。

36.A true clade includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. If descendants are missing, the group is paraphyletic.

真正 clade 包含共同祖先與所有後代；如果漏掉某些後代，就是 paraphyletic。

37.For food webs, label producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers before tracing predator, prey, competition, and indirect effects.

食物網先標 producer、primary consumer、secondary consumer，再追 predator、prey、competition 與 indirect effects。

38.If a species is removed, first check its prey, then its predators, then competitors and indirect cascades.

移除一個物種時，先看它的 prey，再看 predator，再追競爭者與間接連鎖效應。

39.Exponential growth makes a J-shaped curve, while logistic growth slows near carrying capacity and makes an S-shaped curve.

指數成長形成 J 型曲線，logistic growth 靠近 carrying capacity 時變慢，形成 S 型曲線。

40.Carbon cycles through photosynthesis and respiration, nitrogen depends on fixation and denitrification, and phosphorus has no major atmospheric phase.

碳循環靠光合作用與呼吸作用，氮循環重點是固氮與脫氮，磷循環沒有重要氣態階段。

41.Animal diversity questions are usually structure-to-phylum matching questions.

動物多樣性題通常是構造與門別的配對題。

42.Choanocytes point to sponges, cnidocytes point to cnidarians, a mantle points to mollusks, jointed appendages point to arthropods, and a water vascular system points to echinoderms.

Choanocyte 指向海綿，cnidocyte 指向刺絲胞動物，mantle 指向軟體動物，jointed appendages 指向節肢動物，water vascular system 指向棘皮動物。

43.Protostomes form the mouth first and include mollusks, annelids, and arthropods. Deuterostomes form the anus first and include echinoderms and chordates.

原口動物先形成口，包含軟體、環節與節肢；後口動物先形成肛門，包含棘皮與脊索動物。

44.Viral host specificity depends on matching viral surface proteins with host receptors.

病毒宿主專一性取決於病毒表面蛋白是否能配對宿主 receptor。

45.H I V binds CD4 plus CCR5 or CXCR4 and infects helper T cells. Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses with spike proteins.

HIV 結合 CD4 加 CCR5 或 CXCR4 並感染 helper T cell；coronavirus 是有 envelope、positive-sense RNA、帶 spike protein 的病毒。

46.Archaea are not simply ancient bacteria. They lack peptidoglycan and use different membrane lipids.

古菌不是比較古老的細菌；它們沒有 peptidoglycan，膜脂也不同。

47.Fecal microbiota transplantation transfers gut microbes from a healthy donor to restore a disrupted intestinal community, especially in recurrent C difficile infection.

FMT 是把健康捐贈者的腸道菌相移植給病人，以重建失衡腸道菌群，特別常用於反覆 C. difficile 感染。

48.Model organism questions ask why that organism is useful, not only what its name is.

模式生物題問的是為什麼用這個生物，不只是問名字。

49.E coli is useful for gene cloning, yeast for the eukaryotic cell cycle, C elegans for development and apoptosis, Drosophila for genetics, zebrafish for transparent vertebrate embryos, mouse for mammalian disease models, and Arabidopsis for plant genetics.

E. coli 適合基因選殖，yeast 適合真核細胞週期，C. elegans 適合發育與 apoptosis，Drosophila 適合遺傳，zebrafish 適合透明脊椎胚胎，mouse 適合哺乳類疾病模型，Arabidopsis 適合植物遺傳。

50.For limb development, AER releases FGF for the proximodistal axis, while ZPA releases Shh for anterior-posterior digit identity.

肢芽發育中，AER 釋放 FGF 控制近遠軸，ZPA 釋放 Shh 控制前後軸與手指身份。

51.Bicoid specifies the anterior fate in Drosophila, and the notochord helps induce neural tissue by suppressing BMP signals.

Bicoid 決定果蠅前端命運，notochord 則透過抑制 BMP 訊號幫助誘導神經組織。

52.The final recall list is Hardy-Weinberg, central dogma, CRISPR versus RNAi, respiration stages, photosynthesis stages, cAMP signaling, PLC signaling, CD4 versus CD8, neuron flow, kidney flow, plant water transport, evolution mechanisms, animal phyla, and ecology cycles.

考前必默清單是 Hardy-Weinberg、central dogma、CRISPR vs RNAi、呼吸階段、光合作用階段、cAMP 路徑、PLC 路徑、CD4 vs CD8、神經流向、腎元流程、植物水分運輸、演化機制、動物門別與生態循環。

53.For an essay, always begin by locating the mechanism level: DNA, mRNA, protein, cell, organ system, population, or ecosystem.

申論題起手永遠先定位機制層次：DNA、mRNA、protein、cell、organ system、population 或 ecosystem。

54.If you can speak these knowledge points without looking, you have the backbone for most past-paper questions.

如果能不看稿朗讀出這些知識點，就已經有能力應付大多數歷屆題的主幹。

55.For second messengers, adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP, phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP or cGMP, phospholipase C makes IP three and DAG, and calcium itself can be a second messenger.

第二信使中，adenylyl cyclase 製造 cAMP，phosphodiesterase 分解 cAMP 或 cGMP，phospholipase C 製造 IP3 與 DAG，calcium 本身也可以是第二信使。

56.For T cells, CD4 reads MHC class two and coordinates responses, while CD8 reads MHC class one and kills infected or abnormal cells.

T cell 中，CD4 看 MHC II 並協調反應，CD8 看 MHC I 並殺死感染或異常細胞。

57.For motor proteins, dynein usually moves toward the microtubule minus end, kinesin usually moves toward the plus end, and myosin moves along actin.

Motor protein 中，dynein 通常往 microtubule minus end，kinesin 通常往 plus end，myosin 沿 actin 移動。