Nervous System — Key English Terminology

1.The central nervous system, abbreviated CNS, is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. It handles integration and processing of information.

中樞神經系統，簡稱 CNS，由腦和脊髓組成，負責訊息的整合和處理。

2.The peripheral nervous system, abbreviated PNS, is composed of twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. It carries afferent and efferent signals.

周邊神經系統，簡稱 PNS，由 12 對腦神經和 31 對脊神經組成，負責傳入和傳出訊號。

3.The autonomic nervous system splits into sympathetic — fight or flight, with short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; and parasympathetic — rest and digest, with long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

自主神經系統分為交感神經——「戰或逃」，節前神經元短、節後神經元長；副交感神經——「休息與消化」，節前長、節後短。

4.Soma is the cell body — the metabolic center containing the nucleus. Dendrites receive signals. The axon conducts action potentials. The axon hillock is the trigger zone where action potentials initiate.

細胞體 soma 是代謝中心，含細胞核。樹突 dendrite 接收訊號。軸突 axon 傳導動作電位。軸丘 axon hillock 是動作電位起始處。

5.The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds conduction. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps where saltatory conduction occurs. Schwann cells form myelin in the PNS; oligodendrocytes form myelin in the CNS.

髓鞘絕緣加速傳導。蘭氏結是跳躍傳導發生處。許旺細胞是 PNS 的髓鞘形成細胞，寡突膠細胞是 CNS 的髓鞘形成細胞。

6.Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier and provide metabolic support. Microglia are the immune defense cells of the CNS, performing phagocytosis.

星狀膠細胞形成血腦障壁並提供代謝支持。微膠細胞是 CNS 的免疫防禦細胞，負責吞噬。

7.Resting membrane potential is approximately negative seventy millivolts. Threshold is approximately negative fifty-five millivolts.

靜止膜電位約為負七十毫伏。閾值約為負五十五毫伏。

8.Depolarization is sodium influx raising the potential. Repolarization is potassium efflux bringing it back down. Hyperpolarization drops below the resting level. The all-or-none law: if threshold is reached, the action potential fires fully; otherwise it does not fire at all.

去極化為鈉離子內流使電位升高，再極化為鉀離子外流使電位回降，過極化為電位低於靜止值。全或無定律：達閾值就完全發射，不達閾值就不發射。

9.The sodium potassium ATPase pump moves three sodium out and two potassium in per ATP consumed. During an action potential, voltage-gated sodium channels open first, then voltage-gated potassium channels open — the timing difference produces the depolarization, repolarization waveform.

鈉鉀幫浦每消耗 1 個 ATP 將 3 個鈉送出、2 個鉀送入。動作電位期間先開電壓門控鈉通道，後開電壓門控鉀通道——這個時序差異造成去極化到再極化的波形。

10.Frontal lobe handles motor, decision-making, and Brocas area for speech production. Parietal lobe handles somatosensory processing. Temporal lobe handles auditory and Wernickes area for language comprehension. Occipital lobe handles vision.

額葉負責運動、決策、和布洛卡語言區（語言產生）。頂葉負責體感覺。顳葉負責聽覺和韋尼克語言區（語言理解）。枕葉負責視覺。

11.Hippocampus consolidates short-term memory into long-term memory — tested in year one fourteen as question twelve. Amygdala handles emotions like fear and anxiety.

海馬迴將短期記憶轉成長期記憶——114 年考第 12 題。杏仁核負責情緒，如恐懼和焦慮。

12.Thalamus is the sensory relay station. Hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythm, and the pituitary. Cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.

視丘是感覺中繼站。下視丘控制體溫、飢餓、渴、生理時鐘和腦垂腺。小腦負責動作協調和平衡。

13.Medulla oblongata is the autonomic control center for heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure — tested in year one fourteen as question fourteen. Pons handles respiratory regulation and sleep-wake transitions.

延腦是心跳、呼吸、血壓的自主調控中樞——114 年考第 14 題。橋腦負責呼吸調節和睡眠覺醒轉換。

14.Acetylcholine acts at the neuromuscular junction and parasympathetic neurons; deficiency causes myasthenia gravis. Dopamine handles reward and motor control; low dopamine causes Parkinsons, high dopamine is linked to schizophrenia.

乙醯膽鹼作用於神經肌肉接合處與副交感神經；缺乏造成重症肌無力。多巴胺負責獎賞和運動；低多巴胺造成帕金森，高多巴胺與思覺失調相關。

15.Norepinephrine works in sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Serotonin handles mood and sleep; low serotonin is linked to depression.

正腎上腺素作用於交感神經節後神經元。血清素負責情緒和睡眠；低血清素與憂鬱症相關。

16.Year one thirteen essay focused on amino-acid neurotransmitters: Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid, is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Glycine is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.

113 年申論專攻胺基酸類傳遞物質：麩胺酸 Glutamate 是 CNS 主要興奮性傳遞物質。GABA 是 CNS 主要抑制性傳遞物質。甘胺酸 Glycine 是脊髓的抑制性傳遞物質。