Endocrine System — Key English Terminology

1.The hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones to control the anterior pituitary.

下視丘分泌釋放或抑制荷爾蒙來控制前腦垂腺。

2.Anterior pituitary hormones include: Growth hormone GH for growth and metabolism; Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid; Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex; Luteinizing hormone LH triggers ovulation and testosterone secretion; Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH matures sperm and oocytes; Prolactin PRL drives milk secretion.

前腦垂腺荷爾蒙包括：生長激素 GH 促進生長與代謝；甲狀腺刺激素 TSH 刺激甲狀腺；促腎上腺皮質素 ACTH 刺激腎上腺皮質；黃體素刺激素 LH 觸發排卵與睪固酮分泌；濾泡刺激素 FSH 使精卵成熟；泌乳素 PRL 促進乳汁分泌。

3.Posterior pituitary hormones: Antidiuretic hormone ADH, also called vasopressin, drives water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Oxytocin causes uterine contraction and lactation.

後腦垂腺荷爾蒙：抗利尿激素 ADH 又稱 vasopressin，促進集尿管的水再吸收。催產素 oxytocin 引發子宮收縮和泌乳。

4.Thyroid gland: Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 set the metabolic rate and oxygen consumption. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium via osteoblast bone formation.

甲狀腺：甲狀腺素 T4 和 T3 控制代謝率與耗氧量。降鈣素 calcitonin 由造骨細胞造骨，降低血鈣。

5.Parathyroid hormone, PTH, raises blood calcium via osteoclast bone resorption — opposite of calcitonin.

副甲狀腺素 PTH 由蝕骨細胞蝕骨，升高血鈣——與降鈣素作用相反。

6.Adrenal cortex: Cortisol handles stress response, raises blood glucose, and is anti-inflammatory. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, raising blood pressure.

腎上腺皮質：皮質醇 cortisol 負責壓力反應、升高血糖、抗發炎。醛固酮 aldosterone 增加鈉再吸收，升高血壓。

7.Adrenal medulla: Epinephrine, also called adrenaline, drives the fight or flight response.

腎上腺髓質：腎上腺素 epinephrine 又稱 adrenaline，啟動「戰或逃」反應。

8.Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells in response to high blood glucose. It lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake into cells via GLUT4. Mechanism: receptor tyrosine kinase, then GLUT4 translocation to the membrane.

胰島素由胰臟 beta 細胞分泌，刺激為高血糖。它促進葡萄糖經由 GLUT4 進入細胞，降低血糖。作用機制：受體酪胺酸激酶，然後 GLUT4 上膜。

9.Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose. It raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown — glycogenolysis. Mechanism: GPCR, then cyclic AMP, then PKA.

升糖素由胰臟 alpha 細胞分泌，刺激為低血糖。它促進肝醣分解，升高血糖。作用機制：GPCR，然後環狀 AMP，然後 PKA。

10.Mnemonic: Insulin lets glucose IN — lowers glucose. Glucagon equals glucose GONE — raises glucose.

口訣：Insulin 讓葡萄糖進入細胞——降血糖。Glucagon 把儲存的糖放出來——升血糖。

11.Pineal gland secretes melatonin for the sleep-wake cycle. Thymus secretes thymosin for T cell maturation.

松果體分泌褪黑激素，調節睡眠覺醒週期。胸腺分泌胸腺素，幫助 T 細胞成熟。

12.Negative feedback example: high T3 or T4 inhibits TRH and TSH secretion. This is the dominant feedback type in endocrine homeostasis.

負回饋範例：高 T3 或 T4 抑制 TRH 和 TSH 的分泌。這是內分泌恆定中最主要的回饋類型。