Plant Biology — Common Exam Question Types

1.Common question: which of the following occurs in the stroma, the thylakoid membrane, or the thylakoid lumen?

常見問法：以下事件分別發生在基質、類囊體膜、還是類囊體腔？

2.Answer: Water splitting that releases oxygen happens in the thylakoid lumen. Electron transport chain happens in the thylakoid membrane. Hydrogen ion accumulation happens in the thylakoid lumen. ATP synthesis happens at the membrane with ATP released to the stroma. Calvin cycle and carbon fixation happen in the stroma. NADPH is produced on the stroma side.

答案：水的分解釋放氧氣在類囊體腔。電子傳遞鏈在類囊體膜。氫離子累積在類囊體腔。ATP 合成由 ATP 合成酶完成，ATP 釋放到基質。卡爾文循環和碳固定在基質。NADPH 生成在基質側。

3.Common question: which adaptation helps plants survive in hot, dry environments?

常見問法：哪種適應幫助植物在炎熱乾燥環境生存？

4.Key features. Opening stomata at night equals CAM plants. PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells equals C4 plants. Storing malate in vacuoles equals CAM. Calvin cycle compartmentalized in bundle-sheath cells equals C4.

關鍵特徵。夜間打開氣孔等於 CAM 植物。PEP 羧化酶在葉肉細胞等於 C4 植物。蘋果酸儲存在液泡等於 CAM。卡爾文循環分隔在維管束鞘細胞等於 C4。

5.Common question: what is the primary force driving water transport in xylem?

常見問法：木質部水分運輸的主要驅動力為何？

6.Answer: transpiration pull combined with cohesion of water molecules. Transpiration at the leaf creates negative pressure that pulls the water column up; hydrogen bonds between water molecules keep the column intact.

答案：蒸散拉力加上水分子內聚力。葉片蒸散產生負壓拉動水柱上升；水分子間的氫鍵維持水柱不斷裂。

7.Common question: which was the first adaptation enabling life on land?

常見問法：哪一項是植物登陸的第一個適應特徵？

8.Answer: cuticle and stomata — solving the desiccation problem. Cuticle is a waxy layer preventing water loss; stomata allow controlled gas exchange.

答案：角質層和氣孔——解決乾燥問題。角質層是防止水分流失的蠟質層；氣孔則允許可控的氣體交換。

9.Common question: how might transgenes escape from GMO crops to wild populations, and how can we prevent it?

常見問法：基因改造作物的轉基因如何逃逸到野生族群？如何預防？

10.Three escape routes. One: pollen drift via wind or insect pollination carries GMO pollen to wild relatives. Two: seed dispersal mixes GMO seeds with non-GMO. Three: horizontal gene transfer to soil microorganisms — rare but theoretically possible.

三種逃逸途徑。一：花粉飄散，由風媒或蟲媒將 GMO 花粉傳到野生近緣種。二：種子散播，GMO 種子混入非 GMO。三：基因水平轉移到土壤微生物——罕見但理論可能。

11.Four prevention methods. One: GURT, also called terminator technology, makes GMO seeds sterile. Two: maternal inheritance — insert the transgene into chloroplast DNA, since pollen does NOT carry chloroplasts. Three: physical isolation with buffer zones. Four: temporal isolation by staggering flowering times.

四種預防方法。一：遺傳用途限制技術 GURT，又稱終結者技術，使 GMO 種子不育。二：母系遺傳——將轉基因放入葉綠體 DNA，因為花粉不攜帶葉綠體。三：物理隔離，種植緩衝帶。四：時間隔離，讓開花期錯開。

12.Year one thirteen essay focus: chloroplast transformation is the most elegant answer — since pollen almost never carries chloroplast DNA, the transgene cannot spread through pollen.

113 年申論重點：葉綠體轉殖是最巧妙的答案——因為花粉幾乎不攜帶葉綠體 DNA，轉基因不會通過花粉傳播。