Cell Biology — Common Exam Question Types

1.Question 1. Which of the following structures is shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Options: A, nuclear membrane; B, mitochondria; C, ribosomes; D, endoplasmic reticulum.

題目一。以下哪個結構是原核細胞與真核細胞共有的？選項：A 核膜、B 粒線體、C 核糖體、D 內質網。

2.Answer: C, ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have seventy S ribosomes and eukaryotic cells have eighty S ribosomes — both possess ribosomes. Options A, B, and D are all membrane-bound organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.

答案：C，核糖體。原核細胞有七十 S 核糖體，真核細胞有八十 S 核糖體，兩者都有核糖體。選項 A、B、D 都是膜狀胞器，只有真核細胞才有。

3.Question 2. A red blood cell is placed in a zero point three percent sodium chloride solution — normal saline is zero point nine percent. What happens? Options: A, no change; B, swelling or hemolysis; C, crenation; D, swelling then crenation.

題目二。將紅血球放入百分之零點三 NaCl 溶液中，正常生理食鹽水為百分之零點九。紅血球會如何？選項：A 不變、B 膨脹甚至溶血、C 皺縮、D 先膨脹後皺縮。

4.Answer: B. Since zero point three percent is less than zero point nine percent, the solution is hypotonic. Water enters the red blood cell by osmosis, causing swelling or even hemolysis.

答案：B。百分之零點三小於百分之零點九，溶液為低張溶液，水會藉由滲透進入紅血球，造成膨脹甚至溶血。

5.Question 3. What is the correct pathway for a protein from synthesis to secretion? Options: A, ribosome to smooth ER to Golgi to cell membrane; B, ribosome to rough ER to Golgi to cell membrane; C, ribosome to Golgi to rough ER to cell membrane; D, smooth ER to ribosome to Golgi to cell membrane.

題目三。分泌蛋白從合成到分泌的正確路徑為何？選項：A 核糖體到滑面內質網到高基氏體到細胞膜、B 核糖體到粗糙內質網到高基氏體到細胞膜、C 核糖體到高基氏體到粗糙內質網到細胞膜、D 滑面內質網到核糖體到高基氏體到細胞膜。

6.Answer: B. The secretory protein pathway: ribosomes on the rough ER synthesize the protein; it enters the rough ER lumen for folding and modification; transport vesicles carry it to the Golgi for further modification and sorting; finally, secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane via exocytosis.

答案：B。分泌蛋白路徑：附著在粗糙內質網上的核糖體合成蛋白質，進入粗糙內質網腔內折疊與修飾，運輸囊泡送到高基氏體進一步修飾分類，分泌囊泡與細胞膜融合完成胞吐。

7.Question 4. Which of the following statements about meiosis is incorrect? Options: A, homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during meiosis one; B, crossing over occurs in prophase one; C, sister chromatids separate during meiosis two; D, meiosis produces two haploid cells.

題目四。關於減數分裂的敘述，下列何者錯誤？選項：A 減數分裂 I 時同源染色體會聯會、B 互換發生在減數分裂 I 的前期、C 減數分裂 II 時姊妹染色分體分離、D 減數分裂的結果是產生 2 個單套體細胞。

8.Answer: D. Meiosis produces four haploid cells, not two. Options A, B, and C are all correct statements about meiosis.

答案：D。減數分裂產生四個單套體細胞，不是兩個。選項 A、B、C 的敘述都正確。

9.Question 5. Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene? Options: A, ras; B, myc; C, p53; D, src.

題目五。下列何者是腫瘤抑制基因？選項：A ras、B myc、C p53、D src。

10.Answer: C. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene; loss of its function leads to uncontrolled cell division. Options A, B, and D are all proto-oncogenes which, when mutated, become oncogenes that over-promote cell division.

答案：C。p53 是抑癌基因，失去功能會導致細胞不受控分裂。選項 A、B、D 都是原致癌基因，突變後成為致癌基因，過度活化促進細胞分裂。

11.Question 6. After a GPCR is activated, the first molecule activated downstream is usually which of the following? Options: A, cyclic AMP; B, G protein; C, protein kinase A; D, adenylyl cyclase.

題目六。GPCR 被活化後，下游第一個被活化的分子通常是？選項：A 環狀 AMP、B G 蛋白、C 蛋白激酶 A、D 腺苷酸環化酶。

12.Answer: B. The cascade is GPCR, then G protein, then adenylyl cyclase, then cyclic AMP, then protein kinase A. The G protein is the first molecule downstream of the GPCR.

答案：B。級聯順序為 GPCR、G 蛋白、腺苷酸環化酶、環狀 AMP、蛋白激酶 A。G 蛋白是 GPCR 下游的第一個分子。